9. Regni Poloniae magni ducatus Lithuaniae, Amsterdam: Carel Allard, ± 1696. COLLBN Port 165 N 23
The personal union of Poland and Lithuania lasted from 1569 to 1795. At its peak, the Commonwealth almost touched the Black Sea and was one of the largest (1million km2) and most densely populated (± 12 million inhabitants) empires in Europe. Galicia around Lemberg/Lwów/Leopolis (now Lviv) is here referred to as 'Russia Rubra' (Red Russia or Red Ruthenia). The name Ukraine applies to both banks of the Dnieper. Only the northeast of present-day Ukraine is here part of Russia and its southeast is part of the Crimean Khanate. The map still does not acknowledge that in 1667 the counties east of the Dnieper, plus Kyiv on its western bank, had come under Russia's suzerainty.