18. S. Kulzenko & V. Davidenko, Plan Goroda Kieva. Kiev, 1871. COLLBN 010-14-048
Until the 19th century, Kiev/Kyiv consisted of three cities, the Cave monastery (28) as 'the Vatican of Orthodoxy', the political upper city from the Public Offices (7) via the Saint Sophia Cathedral (8) to the Saint Vladimir University (65) and the lower city near the Dnieper for crafts and trade (46-62). Modernisation made Kyiv into a metropolis which owned its wealth mainly to agrobusiness. In 1863-'68 the Kyiv-Odessa railway was build and the city got waterworks in 1870. Its population grew from 20.000 in 1800 up to 127.500 in 1874. According to the Russian census of 1874 39% of its inhabitants spoke 'Little Russian' (Ukrainian), 11% spoke Yiddish, 10% spoke Great Russian, 6% Polish and 2 % German but 49% were also listed as 'generally Russian speakers'. Alarmed by a possible split within the 'all-Russian nationality', in 1863 a ban was imposed on most publications in the Ukranian language.